STUDIA NAD BEZPIECZEŃSTWEM
Nr 9 s. 55–82 2024
ISSN 2543–7321
© Instytut Bezpieczeństwa i Socjologii,
Uniwersytet Pomorski w Słupsku
Przyjęto: 7.12.2024
Zaakceptowano: 7.12.2024
Oryginalna praca badawcza DOI: 10.34858/SNB.9.2024.004
Ireneusz Bieniecki

e-mail: bieniecki.ireneusz@vp.pl
ORCID: 0000-0002-0021-8742
Izabela Szkurłat

e-mail: izabela.szkurlat@upsl.edu.pl
ORCID: 
BEFORE CYBERTERRORISM BEGAN.
THE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM AND EQUIPMENT OF THE
FORCES FOR FRONTIER DEFENCE IN THE PROTECTION
OF THE PRL MARITIME BORDER IN THE SECOND HALF OF
THE 20TH CENTURY. SELECTED PROBLEMS. PART I
ZANIM POJAWIŁ SIĘ CYBERTERRORYZM. SYSTEM
I SPRZĘT ŁĄCZNOŚCI WOJSK OCHRONY POGRANICZA
W OCHRONIE GRANICY MORSKIEJ PRL W DRUGIEJ
POŁOWIE XX WIEKU. WYBRANE PROBLEMY. CZ. I
Abstract: The article presents the functioning of communications in the protection of the

Forces in the second half of the 20th century. Also discussed are selected types of com-
munications equipment used at the time by soldiers of the formation’s coastal brigades.
Zarys treści: 

Ireneusz Bieniecki, Izabela Szkurłat


Keywords-

Słowa kluczowe: 

Introduction
The use of various types of technical means of communication
by the Bor-

the second half of the 20th century required the coordination of their activities
during border duty by various groupings (elements) of the service of this forma-
tion. It was performed at sea for 24 hours each day, throughout the year. During
this time, there were events related to normal duty as well as the elimination of
border intrusions over the Baltic Sea at seaports, on the open coast or at sea.
1
See entry środki łączności, in: J. Modrzewski et al. (eds.), Encyklopedia techniki wojsko-
wej
2
Przestępczość graniczna w Polsce w drugiej połowie XX wie-
ku w świetle biuletynów Wojsk Ochrony Pogranicza. Od zakończenia stanu wojenne-
go do końca lat 80. Źródła
        Przestępczość graniczna w Polsce
w drugiej połowie XX wieku w świetle biuletynów Wojsk Ochrony Pogranicza. Schyłek
lat 70. i okres stanu wojennego. Źródła
Wojska Ochrony Pogranicza w sys-
temie ochrony i obrony granicy morskiej Polski w latach 1965–1991, -
          
Ireneusz Bieniecki, Wojska Ochrony Pogranicza w systemie ochrony i obrony granicy
morskiej Polski w latach 1965–1991, Słupsk 2015, ss. 480
Ireneusz Bieniecki, Wojska Ochrony Pogranicza oraz ich miejsce
w systemie ochrony i obrony granicy morskiej Polski w latach 1965–1991, Wydawnic-
two Naukowe Akademii Pomorskiej w Słupsku, Słupsk 2015, s. 480
Ireneusz Bieniecki, Wojska Ochro-
ny Pogranicza oraz ich miejsce w systemie ochrony i obrony granicy morskiej Polski w la-
tach 1965–1991, Wydawnictwo Naukowe Akademii Pomorskiej w Słupsku, Słupsk 2015,
s. 480, Ire-

Before Cyberterrorism Began. The Communication System…

four subsystems of the protection of the state border
, which on the coast of the

specialized subdivisions and services including, among others:
• 
•           
Gdansk),
• 
• 
neusz Bieniecki, Wojska Ochrony Pogranicza w systemie ochrony i obrony granicy mor-
skiej Polski w latach 1965–1991, Akademia Pomorska, Słupsk 2015, ss. 480, “Scripta Hi-

I. Bieniecki, Nadmorskie Brygady WOP i Morska Brygada Okrętów Pogranicza w syste-
mie obrony wybrzeża w okresie zagrożenia i wojny w latach 1965–1991. Stan sił i możliwo-
ści ich wykorzystania, in: A. Drzewiecki (ed.), Konikt zbrojny na Bałtyku w koncepcjach
ideologii zimnowojennej po 1945 roku. Materiały z konferencji naukowej zorganizowa-
nej (25 listopada 2004 r.) przez Akademię Marynarki Wojennej w Gdyni -

4
    Zwiad Wojsk Ochrony Pogranicza w zabezpieczeniu polskiej
granicy morskiej w latach 1960–1991       
J. Zawadzki (eds.), W cieniu służb. Ze studiów nad bezpieczeństwem państwa-

Zwiad Wojsk Ochrony Pogranicza w latach 1960-1991 (zadania, organizacja, personel
i jego działalność w ochronie granicy PRL)    Służby wywiadowcze
jako element polskiej polityki bezpieczeństwa. Historia i współczesność -
Operacyjno–roz-
poznawcza działalność Zwiadu Wojsk Ochrony Pogranicza na polskim wybrzeżu morskim
w latach 1960–1991Służby specjalne w systemie bez-
pieczeństwa państwa. Przeszłość – Teraźniejszość – Przyszłość. Materiały i studia, vol. 1,
-
Zwiad Nadmorskich Brygad
Wojsk Ochrony Pogranicza w latach 1965–1991. Zadania – struktura – działalność, in:
 (eds.), Edukacja dla bezpieczeństwa. Służby specjalne w sys-
temie bezpieczeństwa państwa. Praktyczne aspekty bezpieczeństwa,   -

I. Bieniecki, Ochrona granicy na terenie portów morskich przez żołnierzy Wojsk Ochro-
ny Pogranicza w latach 1965-1991. Wybrane problemy,   -
 
6
Służba niemundurowa Wojsk Ochrony Pogranicza w latach 1958–
1991. Wyższy szczebel służby liniowej czy namiastka służby rozpoznawczej?, “Scripta Hi-

7
I. Bieniecki, Podsystem obserwacji i radiolokacyjnego dozoru Wojsk Ochrony Pograni-
cza w ochronie granicy morskiej PRL w latach 1960–1970, “Biuletyn Historyczny Muzeum

Ireneusz Bieniecki, Izabela Szkurłat
• grouping of soldiers equipped with service dogs,
• 
•    
         


Obserwacja i radiolokacyj-
ny dozór Wojsk Ochrony Pogranicza na polskim wybrzeżu morskim w latach 1960–1991.
Powstanie – rozwój – organizacja, cz. 1, 
Obserwacja i radiolokacyjny dozór
Wojsk Ochrony Pogranicza na polskim wybrzeżu morskim w latach 1960-1991. Powstanie –
rozwój – organizacja, cz. 2,      -
Obserwacja i radiolokacyjny dozór Wojsk
Ochrony Pogranicza na polskim wybrzeżu morskim w latach 1960–1991. Powstanie – roz-
wój – organizacja, cz. 3  
Obserwacja i radiolokacja w ochronie
polskiej granicy morskiej w latach 1960–1991, in: -
sa i B. Zalewski (eds.), Siły Zbrojne – Polityka. Studia oarowane profesorowi Jerze-
mu Przybylskiemu w siedemdziesiątą rocznicę urodzin

8
I. Bieniecki, Szkolenie i wykorzystanie psów służbowych w ochronie polskich granic
(1945–1991)          
Potrzeba chwili czy wyższa konieczność? Szkolenie i wykorzystanie psów służbowych
w ochronie granicy w latach 1945–1991 w świetle dokumentów Wojsk Ochrony Pogra-
nicza, in: J. Tymieniecka-Suchanek (ed.), Człowiek w relacji do zwierząt, roślin i maszyn
w kulturze, vol. 2, Od humanizmu do posthumanizmu-

9
I. Bieniecki, Lotnictwo Wojsk Ochrony Pogranicza w zabezpieczeniu granicy morskiej
PRL (1958–1991), in: S. Januszewski, A. Olejko (eds.), Morskie skrzydła Polski, Dru-
       Samo-
loty i śmigłowce Wojsk Ochrony Pogranicza w ochronie polskiej granicy morskiej w la-
tach 1958–1991, 
Wykorzystanie samolotów i śmigłowców WOP w ochronie granicy morskiej w latach
1958–1991Rozpoznanie lotnicze
w ochronie polskiej granicy morskiej w latach 1958–1991,  Środko-
woeuropejskie dziedzictwo lotnicze     -
Eskadra lotnictwa rozpoznawczego Wojsk Ochrony
Pogranicza (1958–1970), cz. 1, 
Eskadra lotnictwa rozpoznawczego Wojsk Ochrony Pogra-
nicza (1958–1970), cz. 2 1999, no. 6,

10
I. Bieniecki, Jednostki pływające Wojsk Ochrony Pogranicza i ich wykorzystanie
na rzecz bezpieczeństwa granicy morskiej PRL w drugiej połowie XX wieku, “Studia nad
Koncepcja i wykorzy-
stanie kutrów pościgowych typu „SZKWAŁ” przez Wojska Ochrony Pogranicza w drugiej

Before Cyberterrorism Began. The Communication System…
• as well as sailors of border ship squadrons of the Maritime Border Ship Brigade
      




-
vent the unauthorised crossing of the national border, and in the event of such
an occurrence, to respond to it without delay. The forces and resources operating
within this system complemented each other and required uniform command
and close cooperation between each other, which could only be ensured by using
technical means of communication due to the conditions prevailing in the area,
and was mainly radio communication.


-
ation subdivisions of this formation. In aviation subdivisions, in addition to se-
curing normal tasks resulting from operational assumptions, radio communica-


It was unacceptable for an
połowie XX wieku
11
I. Bieniecki, Charakterystyka jednostek pływających Morskiej Brygady Okrętów Po-
granicza w latach 1965–1991, cz. 1,   
I. Bieniecki, Charakterystyka jednostek pływających Morskiej Brygady Okrętów Pogra-
nicza w latach 1965–1991, cz. 2-
niecki, Jednostki pływające Morskiej Brygady Okrętów Pogranicza w latach 1966–1991,

I. Bieniecki, Wykorzystanie jednostek pływających Morskiej Brygady Okrętów Pograni-
cza w ochronie polskiej granicy morskiej w latach 1965–1971  -
Morska Brygada Okrętów Pogra-
nicza (1966–1991)
  Morska Brygada Okrętów Pogranicza (1966–1991),
Jednostki pływające Morskiej
Brygady Okrętów Pogranicza i ich wykorzystanie w ochronie granicy morskiej w latach
1966–1991, in:  Militarne i gospodarcze aspekty polity-
ki morskiej Polski XX wieku-
ki, Morska Brygada Okrętów Pogranicza w latach 1966–1991, in: Cz. Ciesielski (ed.),
Szkice z najnowszych dziejów    

12
Radio communication is organised by means of radio equipment (radio stations, trans-
           
See the entry łączność radiowa, in: J. Modrzewski et al. (eds.), Encyklopedia…, op. cit.,
łączność wojskowa

    Wypadki lotnicze w Samodzielnej Eskadrze Lotnictwa Rozpo-

Ireneusz Bieniecki, Izabela Szkurłat
aircraft or helicopter to be in the air, especially over the sea, without communi-
cations. Even in the event of a loss of communication during the performance of



base. The same applied to crews of vessels on duty at sea.

     


and had emergency stations at their disposal. This guaranteed that their com-
manders could communicate with their superior at any time.
Organization of the Border Protection Forces in 1945–1991

May 1991, when it was replaced by a new formation: the modern Border Guard
(SG).

During this period, depending on the subordination (under the Ministry

organizational structure of the units of this formation and the tasks performed by
them changed.
For example, in the mid-1960s, further changes were made to the organiza-
 -

to the Chief Inspector of Territorial Defence (GIOT) of the Ministry of Defence


znawczego Wojsk Ochrony Pogranicza (1961–1970),   -

14
A communications network is a set of equipment and elements designed to provide tele-
phonic, telegraphic, telecopy, television communications, as well as the transmission of
telemetry signals and data and data transmission. See the entry sieć łączności, in: J. Mod-
rzewski et al. (eds.), Encyklopedia

30 lat Straży Granicznej RP (1991–2021). Ugrupowania służby
granicznej w ochronie polskiej granicy państwowej w świetle „Instrukcji służby granicz-
nej z 1992 r.”, in:  Transgraniczny wymiar
współczesnego bezpieczeństwa. Wybrane zagadnienia-

60
Before Cyberterrorism Began. The Communication System…


          
Ministry of the Interior still retained the border crossings.

Thus, a new system



under the Ministry of Defence (MoD).

-


-
-

in the Interior Ministry.


-
fence (GIOT) was created. He reported directly to the Minister of Defence and
directed the preparation of the land defence of the national territory, the activities

posts of the chief state bodies, and coordinated undertakings for the general




16
-
tion of road crossing the state border, the area of a border railway station, an airport or part


distinguished: road, rail, air, sea and river. See the entry przejście graniczne, in: M. Laprus
et al. (eds.), Leksykon wiedzy wojskowej, 
17
H. Dominiczak, Powstanie i rozwój organizacyjny Wojsk Ochrony Pogranicza w latach
1945–1983
18
Organizacja ochrony granicy morskiej Polski przez Wojska Ochrony Pogra-
nicza w latach 1949–1965

19

-

             
61
Ireneusz Bieniecki, Izabela Szkurłat
On the other hand, in accordance with an order from the Ministry of Defence,
-





operation and repair of equipment and specialized training in this unit.

Implementing the above-mentioned order of the Ministry of Defence on





Service Headquarters. At the same time, from the composition of the coastal




which was previously an independent unit, was subordinated
to the new unit.





-

       
         


20
              

21
 Szkoła Specjalistów Morskich Wojsk Ochrony Pogranicza i jej
rola w przygotowaniu personelu dla potrzeb obronności kraju w latach 1950–1967,

Szkoła Specjalistów Morskich Wojsk Ochrony Pogranicza (1950–1967), “Biuletyn Histo-

22
  

p. 1.

  Morska Brygada Okrętów Pogranicza w latach 1966–1991, 

62
Before Cyberterrorism Began. The Communication System…
 
organization of each unit of this formation depended on the ethnographic and
demographic character of the region in which it operated and the degree of
-





department or section, org.-mob. section and chancellery), political depart-
ment with soldier’s club, reconnaissance department, human resources section,

(vehicle and armament section). The supply apparatus was the quartermaster’s

-
nications company (k.), a sapper k. or platoon, a chemical platoon or team and


       
team.

-
        
          



and coastal. On the maritime border there were four types of coastal watch-

-

-



24
 -



Ibidem, p. 7.

Ireneusz Bieniecki, Izabela Szkurłat

-


• 
• 
• 


the Szczecin Lagoon.



in terms of the number of soldiers, the most numerous were the service subdivi-


-

        



-

well as selected radio and wire communications equipment used in the period

Terminological arrangements
In the second half of the 20th century the term communications system

was
          -

26
 -


27
 
28
Entry system łączności, in: M. Laprus et al. (eds.), Leksykon-
try system łączności, in: J. Modrzewski et al. (eds.), Encyklopedia…, op. cit., p. 697.
64
Before Cyberterrorism Began. The Communication System…
together with multiplier, switching, terminal, repeater and other specialized and
auxiliary equipment. The communications system provided for the exchange of
information in the command (command and management) system of the armed
forces or part thereof.
The term was also used to describe the operation of communications equip-
ment (or a set of such equipment), determined by the main electrical or design
features of the equipment (or set of equipment), such as frequency, power, type
of modulation or number of communication channels.
On the other hand, the concept of wired communications

is understood as
communications using wires (cables) as a transmission route for transmitting and
receiving signals over a distance. A distinction was made between wired commu-
nications: telephone, telegraph, telecopy and television. Depending on the wires
(cables) and line and station equipment used, it could be single or multi-channel
 
that allowed the construction (development) and use of wired lines. For organi-
zational reasons, long-distance wire communications (between command posts)
and internal communications (within a command post or headquarters) were dis-
tinguished. Long-distance wire communications were organized on directions
and axes.
In turn, radio communications


(radio transmitters and receivers) working according to strict rules. It enabled the
exchange of information between commanders at all levels. Depending on the
terminal apparatus used, radio communications were distinguished: telephone,
telegraphic (auditory and long-distance), telecopy and television. Radio commu-

allowed simultaneous transmission of orders, reports and various signals to sev-
eral commanders and headquarters. Depending on the situation, capabilities and
needs, radio communications were organized on: directions, radio networks or
a subscriber system. The extent of the use of radio communications during com-

and the combat situation.
29
Entry łączność przewodowa, in: M. Laprus et al. (eds.), Leksykon
also entry łączność przewodowa, in: J. Modrzewski et al. (eds.), Encyklopedia…, op. cit.,


Entry łączność radiowa, in: M. Laprus et al. (eds.), Leksykon     
also entry łączność radiowa, in: J. Modrzewski et al. (eds.), Encyklopedia…, op. cit.,


Ireneusz Bieniecki, Izabela Szkurłat
A radio network

was a set of several radio stations operating on a single op-
erating frequency. One of these radio stations was the main radio station, and its
operator decided who could conduct radio correspondence with whom and
when in a given network. In aviation, a distinction was made between air and
ground command radio networks, among others.
The direction of communications

called direct communication between

communications On the other hand, the axis of connectivity

was the main line

in the course of army operations along the direction of movement of command

posts, which were its main support points. From the communications axis, com-
munications directions could be developed to the command posts of subordinate
or cooperating unions and divisions, or directions between the communications
axes of neighbouring and superior operational unions.
Development of the communication system of WOP formations
until 1991


accordance with the etiquettes introduced, a new organizational structure be-
gan to function, in which there were operational groups. As a result, there was
a need to reorganize the existing radio communications system. For the purpos-

in this system.


of radios worked:
• 

Entry sieć radiowa, in: M. Laprus et al. (eds.), Leksykon
also entry sieć radiowa, in: J. Modrzewski et al. (eds.), Encyklopedia

Entry kierunek łączności, in: M. Laprus et al. (eds.), Leksykon

M. Laprus et al. (eds.), Leksykonoś łączności, in: J. Mo-
drzewski et al. (eds.), Encyklopedia…, op. cit., p. 464.

              -


66
Before Cyberterrorism Began. The Communication System…
• 

        
        
purposes, for the purpose of transmitting within the framework of conducted
screenings-exercise radiograms.

following radio stations:
• 
• t. RBM-1 radio station


• 
This network was activated in situations of border operations. Into this net-

of the battalion in whose territory the operations were conducted.
The manoeuvre group commander’s operational radio network consisted of
the following radio stations:
• radio t. RBM-1 manoeuvre group commanders,
• radio t. RBM-1 company commanders.
This network operated during manoeuvre group exercises for operational
tasks. The company commander’s radio station, which simultaneously operated
its own network to relay messages to the manoeuvre group commander, entered
-
tions company had a larger number of radio forces and resources, a t. RBM-1
radio station was additionally assigned for company commanders in the ma-

Company commanders’ radio networks functioned as follows:
• radio t. RBM-1 company commanders,
• radio t. RBM-1 platoon commanders.
-
     

radio station could enter the network with its codename.
        -
ed of:
• 

Nadajniki demobilowe
67
Ireneusz Bieniecki, Izabela Szkurłat
• -
talion.
This network worked when operational activities were conducted in the

manoeuvre group commander could enter this network with their code names.
Radio direction of interaction included radio stations:
• radio station t. RBM-1-commanders of the manoeuvre group,
• radio station t. RBM-1-commanders of the manoeuvre group of neighbouring

This direction functioned during joint actions carried out at the junction or in

-
tions company. Radio communication of cooperation in the case of operational
-


battalion on whose territory the action was conducted.
Radio data for the direction of interaction was developed by the head of com-
munications for the right neighbour. In order to secure the interaction of contact

the networks of these battalions was carried out.

resources necessary to launch all operational networks, the work of those net-
works that were necessary was organized to secure the pursuit management in
   -
ment was it recommended to organize the remaining radio networks

.
Another organizational change in the communications system was introduced
-



occurred. In terms of wired communications with compounds, branches, training



of the Ministry of Defence,

 -


Communications nodes were among the basic elements of the military communications
68
Before Cyberterrorism Began. The Communication System…
while telegraph communications were carried out through the Ministry of De-

To this end, it was ordered to connect the communications nodes of the coastal
-
graph link with the respective garrison communications nodes. Of this number,
two telephone links were ordered to terminate at the intercity exchange and the
remaining two were intended for the cooperation of the automatic exchange.

          
also tested practically during exercises with troops

. An example of this type of
        -


1967.

The exercise was personally directed by the then head of the Commu-
     

posts. Depending on the level of command, a communications node consisted of: tele-
phone switchboard (station), telegraph switchboard (station), switching room, telephone
call room, military postal station, airstrip for aeroplanes and communication helicopters,
data and information transmission and receiving apparatuses separate radio stations and
        

 węzeł łączności, in: M. Laprus et al. (eds.),
Leksykon…, op. cit., p. 476.

 
-
            


 Siły i środki formacji ochrony granic PRL w ćwiczeniach woj-
skowych na wybrzeżu w latach 80. XX wieku,  Wojny
i konikty zbrojne po 1945 roku. Zbiór studiów, 
Siły
i środki ochrony granic PRL w ćwiczeniach wojskowych na wybrzeżu w latach 70. XX
wieku, Wojny i konikty zbrojne…, op. cit., vol. 8,
Siły i środki ochrony granic PRL w ćwiczeniach
wojskowych na wybrzeżu w latach 60. XX wieku, 
Wojny i konikty zbrojne…, op. cit., Jednostki ochrony
granic PRL w wybranych ćwiczeniach wojskowych na wybrzeżu w latach 1965–1991,

40
-
-

69
Ireneusz Bieniecki, Izabela Szkurłat




sequence of events of this alarm was as follows.
-
-
ing to the alarm documentation, the entire communications company was cov-

and forces of communications intended for mobilisation in wheeled vehicles and

-
-
tion means were secured for the various units that moved to the Alert Area (RA):

In the opinion of the inspectors, the emergency documentation developed for
the unit’s communications and radiolocation department was viable and useful.
However, it was not fully brought to the attention of the cadres and soldiers of
-
ing documents such as a diagram of communications organization for the head

and radio cryptonyms with alarm signals were not made or updated based on it.
Failure to bring the above-mentioned documentation to their attention result-


-
mander of the telephone exchange, who did not even report to their superiors on
the state of communications, also failed to perform their tasks during the initial
period.
Radio communications during the march were maintained as intended, secur-
ing the smooth march of the troops. However, the radio operators, upon receiving
the emergency signal, did not acknowledge it from the site, nor did they notify
their commanders.
Radio communications in the alert area, maintained by t. R-108 radios, se-

         
to two t. R-108 radios, they were replaced by t. R-6411 radios. The work of
70
Before Cyberterrorism Began. The Communication System…
the radio-telephone operators was assessed as poor, as they could not cope with
working over longer distances, did not know how to use other networks when
necessary, and did not know their correspondents well, due in part to inadequate
radio data and poor knowledge of them.
          
-
towers, more than an hour after arrival at the RA. The lack of direct communica-
tion with border subdivisions was also considered a shortcoming, despite the use

-
son being a damaged generator.
On the other hand, from the radio station t. R-118 communication was es-
-

of Defence did not answer. Moreover, the car radio stations were not masked and
their protection was not organised.
            -
lished after one hour and 20 minutes (less important internal directions were
abandoned and external directions were not built). Its performance was assessed
as good. There were also no major technical faults, with the exception of poor
team chemistry, inadequate masking of cables and their protection from being
connected to telephone sets.

• Consider the possibility of changing the exercise RA, by bringing it closer
to the border subdivisions,
• The cadre of the communications section and company brought the documen-
tation and the emergency instructions of the communications and radioloca-
tion department to the full knowledge of the relevant functionaries, especially
-
plete the supporting documentation necessary for the organisation of commu-
nications,
• Bring communications equipment, including generators, into full working or-
der and combat readiness, using driver-electromechanics. Develop the initia-
tive towards improvements such as appropriate adaptation of the workshop,

work,
71
Ireneusz Bieniecki, Izabela Szkurłat
• 
equipment and develop wire directions to harmonise crews, and pay par-
ticular attention to the work of radio and radio-telegraphists.


was attached to the organisation of communications in the area of the Gulf


of a large number of communication means belonging to uniformed services

This problem gained particular importance after the creation of the 6th
-
tsin organisation of the command and cooperation in this area, which was



In 1967, it was agreed in this respect that before the border on the Bay of


it would be


four radio-telephone operators necessary to operate this equipment be trans-
ferred to this subdivision. From then on, the service tasks performed by the
41

42
-






From now on, it was to be protected according to the actual course of the border, including
the border of internal waters. So it was the Hel promontory and the junction of the border
with the USSR on the Vistula Spit. The Maritime Border Ship Brigade had a greater sha-
re in this, because due to the condition of the sea in this section, it had to be guarded by

On our part, appropriate undertakings should have been made to install a new radar ap-



duty service and the watchtower command also had to be prepared. As time went on, the
W granicznym kalejdoskopie – wspomnie-
nia 1945–2005
72
Before Cyberterrorism Began. The Communication System…



In addition, the following conclusions emerged on the issue of connectivity.
-

            -

           -

           -
  




watch.




          


and low sensitivity of the receivers of this apparatus (10 microvolts). There-
fore, it was estimated that the role of the R-609 radio station would come





          -

        -

44
-


Ireneusz Bieniecki, Izabela Szkurłat


-

-
sible for conducting border operations at sea.
In addition, it was requested that, for the purpose of securing communi-

cause:
• -

and thus required constant repairs, as well as the issue of their overhaul in

• 
quartzes to the above-mentioned equipment in order to ensure communica-

missing for two R-609 t. radios).

-


On the Coast,’ the following organisation
of radio and wire communication between the headquarters and units of the

¾ 



• radio communication

• wire communication



-

p. 2.
46
            -
      -

and Annex no. 4.
74
Before Cyberterrorism Began. The Communication System…
      

¾ 

• radio communication

• wire communication

     

         -


¾ 

• wired communication


¾ 
• wired communication
-


¾ 
• wired communication
         


¾ 
• wired communication
      -

       

¾ 
• radio communication


Ireneusz Bieniecki, Izabela Szkurłat
• wire communication

¾ 
• radio communication

• wire communication


¾ -
platte):
• radio communication

• wire communication

¾ 

• radio communications

   

       



interaction with aircraft.
¾ 
• wired communication
         -



47

76
Before Cyberterrorism Began. The Communication System…
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Bieniecki I., Morska Brygada Okrętów Pogranicza (1966–1991), “Biuletyn Centralne-

Bieniecki I., Morska Brygada Okrętów Pogranicza (1966–1991),  

Bieniecki I., Nadmorskie Brygady WOP i Morska Brygada Okrętów Pogranicza w syste-
mie obrony wybrzeża w okresie zagrożenia i wojny w latach 1965–1991. Stan sił i moż-
liwości ich wykorzystania, in: A. Drzewiecki (ed.), Konikt zbrojny na Bałtyku w kon-
cepcjach ideologii zimnowojennej po 1945 roku. Materiały z konferencji naukowej
zorganizowanej (25 listopada 2004 r.) przez Akademię Marynarki Wojennej w Gdyni,

Bieniecki I., Obserwacja i radiolokacja w ochronie polskiej granicy morskiej w latach
1960–1991, in:  Siły Zbroj-
ne – Polityka. Studia oarowane profesorowi Jerzemu Przybylskiemu w siedemdzie-
siątą rocznicę urodzin
77
Ireneusz Bieniecki, Izabela Szkurłat
Bieniecki I., Obserwacja i radiolokacyjny dozór Wojsk Ochrony Pogranicza na pol-
skim wybrzeżu morskim w latach 1960–1991. Powstanie – rozwój – organizacja, cz. 3,

Bieniecki I., Obserwacja i radiolokacyjny dozór Wojsk Ochrony Pogranicza na pol-
skim wybrzeżu morskim w latach 1960–1991. Powstanie – rozwój – organizacja, cz. 2,

Bieniecki I., Obserwacja i radiolokacyjny dozór Wojsk Ochrony Pogranicza na polskim
wybrzeżu morskim w latach 1960–1991. Powstanie–rozwój–organizacja, cz. 1, “Biu-

Bieniecki I., Ochrona granicy na terenie portów morskich przez żołnierzy Wojsk Ochro-
ny Pogranicza w latach 1965–1991. Wybrane problemy, -

Bieniecki I., Operacyjno-rozpoznawcza działalność Zwiadu Wojsk Ochrony Pograni-
cza na polskim wybrzeżu morskim w latach 1960–1991
(eds.), Służby specjalne w systemie bezpieczeństwa państwa. Przeszłość – Teraźniej-
szość – Przyszłość. Materiały i studia, -

Bieniecki I., Podsystem obserwacji i radiolokacyjnego dozoru Wojsk Ochrony Pogra-
nicza w ochronie granicy morskiej PRL w latach 1960–1970, “Biuletyn Historyczny

Bieniecki I., Potrzeba chwili czy wyższa konieczność? Szkolenie i wykorzystanie
psów służbowych w ochronie granicy w latach 1945–1991 w świetle dokumen-
tów Wojsk Ochrony Pogranicza, in: J. Tymieniecka-Suchanek (ed.), Człowiek w rela-
cji do zwierząt, roślin i maszyn w kulturze, vol. 2, Od humanizmu do posthumanizmu,

Bieniecki I., Rozpoznanie lotnicze w ochronie polskiej granicy morskiej w latach 1958–
1991,     Środkowoeuropejskie dziedzictwo lotnicze -

Bieniecki I., Samoloty i śmigłowce Wojsk Ochrony Pogranicza w ochronie polskiej gra-
nicy morskiej w latach 1958–1991, 
Bieniecki I., Szkolenie i wykorzystanie psów służbowych w ochronie polskich granic
(1945–1991)
Bieniecki I., Szkoła Specjalistów Morskich Wojsk Ochrony Pogranicza (1950–1967),

30 lat Straży Granicznej RP (1991–2021). Ugrupowania służby
granicznej w ochronie polskiej granicy państwowej w świetle „Instrukcji służby gra-
nicznej z 1992 r.”, in:  Transgraniczny
wymiar współczesnego bezpieczeństwa. Wybrane zagadnienia  -

Koncepcja i wykorzystanie kutrów pościgowych typu „SZKWAŁ”
przez Wojska Ochrony Pogranicza w drugiej połowie XX wieku,
no. 4 (article on CD no. 2).
78
Before Cyberterrorism Began. The Communication System…
Przestępczość graniczna w Polsce w drugiej połowie XX wie-
ku w świetle biuletynów Wojsk Ochrony Pogranicza. Od zakończenia stanu wojenne-
go do końca lat 80. Źródła, 

Przestępczość graniczna w Polsce w drugiej połowie XX wie-
ku w świetle biuletynów Wojsk Ochrony Pogranicza. Schyłek lat 70. i okres stanu wo-
jennego. Źródła,   
2018.
Siły i środki formacji ochrony granic PRL w ćwiczeniach woj-
skowych na wybrzeżu w latach 80. XX wieku, 
Wojny i konikty zbrojne po 1945 roku. Zbiór studiów, 

Siły i środki ochrony granic PRL w ćwiczeniach wojskowych
na wybrzeżu w latach 70. XX wieku, Wojny i kon-
ikty zbrojne po 1945 roku. Zbiór studiów, -
dowych w Bydgoszczy, Bydgoszcz 2021.
Siły i środki ochrony granic PRL w ćwiczeniach wojskowych
na wybrzeżu w latach 60. XX wieku,  Wojny i kon-
ikty zbrojne po 1945 roku. Zbiór studiów, -
dowych w Bydgoszczy, Bydgoszcz 2020.
    Służba niemundurowa Wojsk Ochrony Pogranicza w latach
1958–1991. Wyższy szczebel służby liniowej czy namiastka służby rozpoznawczej?,

Szkoła Specjalistów Morskich Wojsk Ochrony Pogranicza i jej
rola w przygotowaniu personelu dla potrzeb obronności kraju w latach 1950–1967,
“Security, Economy and Law” 2017, no. 4 (17) [digital edition].
Wypadki lotnicze w Samodzielnej Eskadrze Lotnictwa Rozpo-
znawczego Wojsk Ochrony Pogranicza (1961–1970)   -

Zwiad Wojsk Ochrony Pogranicza w latach 1960–1991 (zadania,
organizacja, personel i jego działalność w ochronie granicy PRL)
Służby wywiadowcze jako element polskiej polityki bezpieczeństwa. Historia i współ-
czesność
 Zwiad Wojsk Ochrony Pogranicza w zabezpieczeniu polskiej
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
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
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
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Nadajniki demobilowe
W granicznym kalejdoskopie–wspomnienia 1945–2005,

Ireneusz Bieniecki, Wojska Ochrony Pogranicza oraz ich miejsce w systemie
ochrony i obrony granicy morskiej Polski w latach 1965–1991, Wydawnictwo Nauko-
we Akademii Pomorskiej w Słupsku, Słupsk 2015, s. 480

Ireneusz Bieniecki, Wojska Ochrony Pogranicza w systemie ochrony i obrony
granicy morskiej Polski w latach 1965–1991, Słupsk 2015, ss. 480, 

Podręcznik łącznościowca, cz. III. Sprzęt i urządzenia radiowe

Polowy aparat telefoniczny typu TAI-43 MR
Radiotelefon FM-302. Instrukcja techniczna    -

Ireneusz Bieniecki, Wojska Ochrony Pogranicza oraz ich miejsce w systemie
ochrony i obrony granicy morskiej Polski w latach 1965–1991, Wydawnictwo Naukowe
80
Before Cyberterrorism Began. The Communication System…
Akademii Pomorskiej w Słupsku, Słupsk 2015, s. 480

, 
-

terytorialnej kraju” z 19.11.1969 r.
           -
            -

-


     -


-
-

-

           -

-
-

Annex no. 1 and Annex no. 4.
            
          -
-

-
-

          -
           -

            -
-

81
Ireneusz Bieniecki, Izabela Szkurłat

          -
su kompetencji GIOT.

         
          
z 10.10.1968 r.

-

 Przepisy korespondencji w relacjach radio-
wych Wojska Polskiego,

-

Dzieło II,

Summary
In the article, the author conducted an analysis of the mode of operation of the com-


to selected types of communications equipment used by soldiers of the formation’s
coastal brigades.
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