STUDIA NAD BEZPIECZEŃSTWEM

Nr 9 s. 83–106 2024

ISSN 2543–7321

Uniwersytet Pomorski w Słupsku

Przyjęto: 7.12.2024

Zaakceptowano: 7.12.2024

Oryginalna praca badawcza DOI: 10.34858/SNB.9.2024.005

Andrzej Żebrowski



e-mail: andrzejzebrowski@onet.pl

ORCID: 0000-0002-2779-9444

INTERMINGLING MILITARY AND NON-MILITARY

CONFLICTS AT THE TURN OF THE 20TH AND 21ST

CENTURIES. SELECTED ASPECTS

WZAJEMNE PRZENIKANIE SIĘ KONFLIKTÓW

MILITARNYCH I POZAMILITARNYCH NA PRZEŁOMIE XX

I XXI WIEKU. WYBRANE ASPEKTY

Abstract







communication technology, which is present in all areas of human life. The ongoing

transformation and the aforementioned revolution is also present in the armed forces,

whose components take an active part not only in humanitarian missions abroad but also,



-

ture of the actions carried out and the adaptation of modern techniques and technologies,





cyberspace and the human mind. Accompanying these is global information warfare,



advantages of particular interest. The material is supported by observation of ongoing

Andrzej Żebrowski



as on-going phenomena, events and processes in the current global security space.

Zarys treści: 

-

-



-



-

-

        



-



        -

            -

-





          -



Keywords

Słowa kluczowe:       

wojna informacyjna.

Characteristics of the problem

“Man and societies strive to expand their possession and power, driven by the

motive of survival and expansion. The struggle for the existence of man, enter-

prise and the state forces not only to strive for their own existence, but in fear

of collapse, causes expansion, which results from the nature of man, from his

psyche, which produces the need for success, fame, wealth, power, distinction.

Intermingling Military and Non-military Conicts…

The system of the social system, based on competition and private wealth, forc-

es the expansion of capital, which must show aggressive expansion in order

to last.”



It is worth bearing in mind that “from time immemorial, contradictions and

struggle have been the fundamental law of nature, life and human existence,

and the source of all change and progress. The principle applies here that every

decision, even the most positive one, consists of giving to someone and taking

away from someone else. Therein lies the essence (source) of the contradiction

of interests (aspirations, hierarchy of values). One can, of course, relate this

to the macro scale, when, for example, one state seeks to satisfy its needs at the

expense of another.”



This characteristic phenomenon, inherent not only to humans but also to bi-

ota, is accompanied by a constant struggle for survival in its environment and,





causes and, in the absence of rational decisions and behaviour (of political

elites, including leaders, as well as of nations, societies) in relation to the exist-

ing threats (external and internal) to the security of the state(s), lead to a crisis



“In the modern world, wars have not ceased to be a tool of international

politics despite the existence of international organisations carrying out vig-

orous activities aimed at disarmament and the complete elimination of war as

-

tion and their new derivatives (without radiation), which are in a sense the



become a denial of the possibility of using them to achieve any goal.”





use of nuclear weapons and their successive derivatives, due to the fact that

there are and can be no winners in a nuclear war.

The above spaces, as well as the security spaces of individual states at the

beginning of the 21st century, are dominated by information warfare, with in-

formation operations aimed not only at securing the information needs of its

participants, but at taking control of the opponent’s information resources, up

 O dyktaturze kapitału globalnego

S. Dworecki, Od koniktu do wojny



   Przywileje i immunitety dyplomatyczne i konsularne podczas konik-

tu zbrojnego



Andrzej Żebrowski

to and including physical destruction. “ICT and communications are widely

used in negative and positive cooperation, supported by information warfare

(war), treated as negative mutual cooperation, at least subjectively, implement-

ed in the spheres of information acquisition, information disruption and infor-

mation defence, where every action of one side is subordinated to the antago-

nistic action of the other side.”



Information warfare in the 21st century takes the form of information war-

fare on a global scale. “Information warfare always accompanies human action,

plays the role of supporting combat and is thus present in the spheres: political,

-



internationally organised crime, etc.”





future makes it possible to forecast the role of force in general and of military



         

struggle, war and military action can be drawn up:

1. the threat of war remains real, hence military power will not lose its raison

d’être,

2. 



 -



4. 

 there will be extreme oppositions, asymmetry of forms and means, tools,

principles and modes of action,

6. warfare and other actions will, as a rule, be combined actions in the nation-

al-international, civil-military, combat-non-combat and within the frame-

work of types of boron,

7. armed combat will less often be a planned policy measure, more often an



8. -



L. Ciborowski, Walka informacyjna



 Walka informacyjna w asymetrycznym środowisku bezpieczeństwa między-

narodowego

Intermingling Military and Non-military Conicts…

9. military activities other than war will become the primary area of activity

of the armed forces.”



“There are around 200 states and several times that number of ethnic, nation-

al, tribal and religious groups in the world. States and groups have their own

interests and goals. These can be either common or divergent. If a group or

entities have common interests and goals, there is often cooperation between



occur.”



Disagreements sometimes exist, i.e. issues on which no agreement

has been reached, meaning that the parties are unable or unwilling to reconcile

peacefully.

It is also worth bearing in mind that in the evolving global security environ-

  

all spheres of state (states) activity, which also makes its presence felt in the

sphere of state (states) security and defence. After the collapse of the bipolar



decisions, there has been a change in the approach to security, which takes on

    



to humans and their environment.

-

velopment of the means of armed struggle present security science with entire-



-

dencies that exist between a society, its economy and its military, every so-

cio-economic change leads to transformations in the ways of warfare.”



This

applies to positive competition and, above all, to negative confrontation.

Despite the collapse of the aforementioned bipolar division of the world,



the military and non-military spheres thus cannot be avoided. The balance of

power and international politics at the time did not solve many important prob-

-

perimposed on existing ones, which pose serious challenges to the international

C. Rutkowski, Problemy bezpieczeństwa i sił zbrojnych XXI wieku  



Konikty zbrojne we współczesnym świecie



 Między strategią a taktyką

Andrzej Żebrowski



are eliminated and not allowed to reactivate.

This poses a major challenge for states and organisations competent in the

sphere of strengthening international security and peace. Other participants

also deserve attention: “the participants in the new wars are incommensura-

      

-defence groups, armies and armies of local chiefs, criminal gangs, police (mili-

tia) units, mercenary groups and demoralised units (remnants) of regular troops.

From an organisational point of view they are highly decentralised or even dis-

persed. They only appear in a coordinated manner in certain situations from

confrontation to confrontation.”



The designated participants very often engage



itself in surprising, brief and violent armed clashes, ambushes, assaults, acts of

diversion and sabotage combined with psychological impact.



Very often, chil-



South American countries, Africa and Southeast Asia.



       -

sations. The processes associated with globalisation are accompanied by epi-





ethnic cleansing, the emptying of territories, shelling, destruction of infrastruc-

ture and laying of landmines, etc.

The contemporary international security environment is complex, turbulent

and unpredictable, where the causes of military (and non-military) threats are

        



and military relations. Such a position is supported by the multifaceted and mul-

tifaceted intertwining of conditions occurring in the internal and external (near

and far) environment, which is evident in, among other things:

1. the increasing anarchisation of socio-political life on a global scale, includ-

ing in states possessing or seeking to acquire nuclear weapons,

2. 

 

B. Balcerowicz, Siły zbrojne w stanie pokoju, kryzysu, wojny



M. Laprus (ed.), Leksykon wiedzy wojskowej

Intermingling Military and Non-military Conicts…

4. 

socio-political contradictions, trends towards the development of military

capabilities, or divergent aspirations are apparent in many states,

 the arms race (including new generations of weapons with increased de-



6. the revolution in information and communication technologies,

7. the great-power aspirations of China and Russia, and the nuclear-weapon





8. power aspirations of Germany, Japan, Israel, Turkey,

9. criticism and denial of existing treaty arrangements and the exposure of his-

torical pasts,

10. the widening circle of states possessing nuclear weapons and seeking to ac-

quire them (e.g. Iran),

11. the lack of international control over nuclear weapons proliferation, the

means of their production and their means of delivery (ballistic missiles),

12. ongoing wars: economic, psychological, religious, cultural, information,

cyberspace, generating threats to the security of the international environ-

ment and individual states,

14. ongoing global information warfare,

mass movement of people on a global scale.

It should be borne in mind that the above phenomena cannot be ignored by







the disposition of violence, as represented by the armed forces. In addition, states

are no longer a monopoly on services of an intelligence and counter-intelligence

nature, thus losing their previous ability to control society. This also applies to the

sphere of security and public order involving private (including non-state) actors.

        

only the economic sphere, where it is particularly visible, but also other areas



carried out, the gradual loss by states of their competences in favour of interna-

tional actors deserves attention. “The state is privatising its enterprises and with-



Andrzej Żebrowski

economic sphere, science, education, health, schooling, railways and transport,

but is also beginning to encompass areas traditionally considered to be core tasks

of the state, such as the provision of internal security (e.g. personal and property

security entities, private security patrols





penitentiary system, and the defence system (e.g. defence industry, privatisation

of military services, private services of an intelligence and counter-intelligence





The early 1990s saw conjunctural political decisions that led, among other

things, to reductions in defence budgets, which translated into reductions in

armed forces in many countries. “This led (…) to a kind of military stalemate.

This meant that no state in the world (with the exception of the United States)



Afghanistan). The resulting situation provided security comfort on the one hand,



manner of authoritarian caciques and leaders, fundamentalists, nationalists and

other irresponsible claimant movements.”





development of the armed forces of many states, whose level of training and

equipment does not always allow them to perform tasks on a modern battle-



Ukraine (or the Middle East) has demonstrated the military weakness of many

     

exploited in the information war not only by the direct participants, but also by

third parties.

Reducing the armed forces in each country creates an army of unemployed

trained professionals who, faced with unemployment, have found employment



have fed into organised crime structures.

Services of this nature are used by both state institutions (e.g. Department

          

The range of services, the specialised training and the ability to use sometimes

This concerns the Generation Identitaire (GI) organisation founded in France. It is a youth

organisation that aims to protect local, national and European identity. Its members learn

-

rity patrols.

   Globalizacja a stosunki międzynarodowe,





 Bezpieczeństwo narodowe RP

Obronnej” 1999, no. 1, p. 10.

Intermingling Military and Non-military Conicts…

state-of-the-art weapons has an impact on the so-called privatisation of armed

-

itics or ideology.



on the means of violence is passing away.



“The violence hitherto monopolised

by the state is partly passing into the hands of paramilitary (non-state) groups,

private security agencies, security organisations, etc. There are many interna-



states in the international market.”



The privatisation of military and paramili-

tary activities is based on the theory that security can be treated as a service and





Globalisation and the accompanying threats, including new ones, have an

impact on the need to address them in security policy, which has been evolv-

ing since the collapse of the bipolar division of the world along with its conse-





          -

sulting from, among other things, lack of development, poverty, cultural and

         

to self-determination.”



-







Under these complex conditions, the traditional function not only of the armed

forces but also of the intelligence and counter-intelligence services is evolving.

In the case of the armed forces, their traditional role and mission of defending the

state against external attacks, protecting borders, maintaining internal stability

H. Bull, The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics, Macmillan, London

Siły zbrojne w stanie pokoju, kryzysu, wojny-





B. Balcerowicz, Siły zbrojne…, op. cit., p. 164.

 Roland goes corporate: Mercenaries and transnational security corpora-

tions in the post‐cold war era

Siły zbrojne w stanie pokoju, kryzysu, wojny

 Globalizacja

Andrzej Żebrowski

and restoring constitutional order when necessary has been re-evaluated. In this

new situation, with the exception of a few countries, they are becoming a rela-

tively less used instrument of pressure and foreign policy.



Very often their role



international terrorism, organised crime structures, participation in the crisis man-

agement process or the implementation of foreign humanitarian missions.

Intelligence and counter-intelligence activities have also been privatised, which

means that the state(s) is not the only entity using subordinate agencies of this na-

-

gence cells of large industrial and commercial corporations, consulting companies,

-

vices, as well as terrorist organisations, organised crime groups and nationalist

groups, etc. The loss by states of their monopoly on such an important sphere of

internal and external security means the loss of their monopoly on the control of

society. Thus, states take many measures of a legal and institutional nature to se-

cure their own information needs for the control of society (internal and external

adversary).

To this end, they take advantage of existing threats to the security of citizens,

e.g. from terrorist organisations, where propaganda, disinformation and manipu-

lation of perception are key to legitimate surveillance of society in a state under







For

example, “tools from Israeli company Cellebrite, when connected to a phone, can,



-

gy can crack the security of phones and seize user data from them.”



It is notewor-

-

der an export licence from the Israeli Ministry of Defence. Obtaining information



J. Symonides, The New Role of the Army in Peacebuilding, in: From Partial Insecurity

to Global Security

J. Symonides (eds.), Globalizacja

Once connected to a phone, they can, among other things, read user data stored in the



Policja znowu kupuje izraelską technologię szpiegowską Cellebrite,

 



Ibidem.

Intermingling Military and Non-military Conicts…

information) by a foreign intelligence service not only violates the existing system





operations are carried out by intelligence elements of both the adversary and the

targeted state.

Information operations conducted by organised cross-border criminal groups,

        

also be borne in mind.

-

nales and causes, as well as the power of destructive impact, where the develop-

ment of computer, communication networks and the Internet, as well as emerging

spontaneous forms of warfare in these networks, precision-guided weapons and

-

-

diers and non-soldiers have now been blurred and the divide between combat and

non-combat has almost disappeared, also globalisation has made all problems in-

terdependent and interconnected, so the key to confront these phenomena must be

found, a key that should open all the locks that close the door to war. Moreover,



operational techniques to tactics. It should also be useful for politicians and gener-

als as well as ordinary soldiers. It is hard to imagine a more appropriate key than

unrestricted warfare.”



This soldier and non-soldier will most likely be (or perhaps already is) a hacker

(an army of hackers) who, using their specialised knowledge, access to cyberspace

and ICT equipment (including specialised equipment), will be able to achieve stra-

tegic political, economic, military, cultural or social objectives without the use of

armed forces and military might leading to physical destruction. “After all, forms

that are not characterised by the use of armed forces and military might, and are

not even associated with the occurrence of bloodshed and casualties, are just as

likely to guarantee the successful achievement of the objectives of war, and even





 Unrestricted Warfare: Assumptions on War and Tactics in the Age

of GlobalizationMilitarne operacje informacyjne



Ibidem.



Andrzej Żebrowski

-

sion of the world and that are part of the transformation of civilisation are diverse

forms of warfare conducted by regular armed forces as well as many non-state

actors. These actors already have at their disposal a powerful arsenal that allows

them not only to create permanent fear, but also to lead to the realisation of ac-

cepted goals without the use of armed violence.

Imagination is paramount in these actions, which, combined with modern

technologies, pose a serious challenge, where the material consequences are

-

ticians or specialists, can lead to serious consequences for the security of not only

the individual, but also the nation or the state. It can also threaten the security

of the international environment. Imaginative thinking can lead to the thesis that

anything can be used to neutralise an adversary, not necessarily physically. Cre-

ative thinking includes the emergence of a new paradigm to describe this thesis,

indicated below:









Concept, nature and types of conict

-

ative co-option “to achieve its objective by harming the basis of existence (con-





into: partition, liberation, ethnicity, nationality, religion, culture, etc.”



Every

         



guided by vested interests that are not always acceptable to the opposing side, as

well as the international environment.



 

Intermingling Military and Non-military Conicts…



Source Notions of armed conict

L. Mucha, Przemoc zbrojna





opposing states (nations, social classes) con-

ducted on a limited (in terms of purpose, means

used, area, duration) scale

International Military and Defense

Encyclopedia by Trevor N. Dupuy,



      

which there is no consensus in science. Among

       -

     

action on the ground between peace and open

war using strictly limited forces and methods

B. Balcerowicz (ed.), Słownik pod-

stawowych terminów dotyczących bez-

pieczeństwa państwa

p. 12

        -

volving the pursuit of state (coalition, social

group) objectives through mutual action using

armed forces or organised and armed groups. By

applying the criteria of the uses of armed con-





S. Dworecki, Współczesne konikty

zbrojne. Studium wybranych prob-

lemów

        

precisely of armed action, which occurs when

the (formalised) parties, defending their inter-

ests (the country), use coercion in an institution-



The International Criminal Tribunal for

-





force or prolonged armed violence between gov-

ernment authorities and organised armed groups

or between such groups within the territory of

a single state

S. Dworecki, Od koniktu do wojny,



    -

tion) and occurs when the (formalised) parties,

defending their interests (reasons), use coercion



in the sense of international law

B. Balcerowicz, Słownik terminów

z zakresu bezpieczeństwa narodowego,





resolved with the use of armed forces (armed

groups) using armed violence



Andrzej Żebrowski

Source Notions of armed conict

B. Barnaszewski, Współczesny konikt

zbrojny – państwo ubezwłasnowol-

nione



      

-

ing participants who are not subjects of interna-

-

nism, a growing clash of interests, a verbal clash



Słownik ter-

minów z zakresu bezpieczeństwa naro-

dowego

      -

tween states (coalitions of states) resolved by the

use of armed force, using armed violence. From

the point of view of the forms and methods of

     

war, armed intervention, armed incident, mil-

itary coup, armed blockade, demonstration of

force and others

Konikty zbrojne we współczesnym

świecie-







       

force has been used between the parties. This

     

of armed struggle. An international dispute, in

which confrontation between parties is car-

ried out by methods other than armed struggle,

such as by economic, diplomatic, information-

al means, should be distinguished from armed



Source: compiled from available literature.



-



of a nuclear bomb, such as an electromagnetic pulse), it is necessary to point out

the objectives of armed action, which have always been and are present among

policy makers making decisions on the use of armed forces in the external as

well as internal environment of the state.

Table 2. Targets of military action

Objectives of military operations

seizure of power seize territory

revindication of territory ensuring territorial unity

secession of regions repelling military aggression

Intermingling Military and Non-military Conicts…

Objectives of military operations

territorial annexation defence of sovereignty

restrictions on civil liberties defence of territorial cohesion

defence of national minorities taking control of natural resources (includ-

ing energy resources)

seizure of control of strategic points in se-

lected geographic regions

humanitarian missions

global information dominance, taking control of energy resources (oil, natural gas), safe

water resources on a global scale

Source: S. Dworecki, Od koniktu do wojny







high intensity) or other criteria. It is important to consider whether the above

          

as well as in the battle for the minds of individuals, social groups, professional

groups, nations and the international community.



Armed conicts

Division of armed conicts by range (area)

 

 



Division of armed conicts by the form of achievement of objectives

 

civil war 

military coup armed assault

armed incident armed retaliation

armed intervention

Source: S. Dworecki, Od koniktu do wojny

The changing environment of conicts

Changes are taking place in the international security environment, where the

breakdown of the bipolar division of the world and its aftermath, justify the need

Andrzej Żebrowski



late 20th and early 21st centuries. First of all, such mundane phenomena as the free

movement of people, capital, services, information, knowledge and ideas have fun-

damentally changed the approach to threats, their scale and dynamics, and require



ongoing revolution in ICT and communication techniques, the Internet and mod-

ern technologies that dominate our daily lives should be kept in mind.





-





the critical infrastructure of the state of interest, which depends on the mentioned

         



anonymous.

Cyberspace, ICT and communication techniques are permanently part of the de-

velopment of the armed forces, where the saturation of command, communications

and automation systems, reconnaissance and weapons management determine the



system of state security and defence.





and causes, the course, the parties involved, the means of warfare used, the tactics

of action, the sponsors, their nature, the consequences, and above all, a departure





-

ing them:

1. -



2. 

 the loss by states of their monopoly on the exclusive disposal of armed forces,

which was previously reserved for these entities,

4. the emergence of non-state actors who are active participants in many con-



 

Intermingling Military and Non-military Conicts…

6. access to dual-use technologies, with an indication of the scale of the phe-

nomenon,

7. 

human mind are not reserved for states, their armed forces, special services or

police services,

8.      -

nology) and technology,

9. 



10. cyberspace is the possibility of a new generation of weapons (e.g. electromag-

netic weapons, radio frequency weapons and particle weapons),

11. new means of warfare: laser weapons, ultrasonic weapons, plasma weapons,

vacuum weapons, psychophysical weapons, radiation weapons, hypersonic

weapons and others.

“The distance noticeable in the development of countries and regions is increas-

ingly widening. Its driving force is primarily states that are politically, economical-

ly and militarily strong, as well as access to dual-use technologies. The progressive

dependence manifests itself, among other things, in imposing cultural patterns con-

sidered only legitimate, restricting access to achievements in the sphere of science

and technology and to modern production technologies, limiting access to natural

resources (including energy), waging trade wars, failing to abide by international

treaties, fuelling the spiral of armaments, recognizing hostile ideas, fuelling mi-





professional groups, national, ethnic and religious minorities, as well as nations

and societies.”



The civilization gap, which is bipolar in nature, is widening more

and more:

• at one pole are material prosperity, political participation, openness to moderni-

ty of cultural and civilizational signs,

• on the other is the sphere of deprivation, poverty, alienation from political life,

attitudes of non-adaptation to the emerging information order, extreme attitudes,

alienation and social exclusion.



 Globalna przestrzeń zagrożeń. Wybrane aspekty





A. Chodubski, Asymetryczne zagrożenia cywilizacyjne a istota bezpieczeństwa państwa

Andrzej Żebrowski



-

ring (progressive) asymmetricity can be the cause of the outbreak of a new armed



development opportunities, also has limited chances of access to modern arma-

ments, which implies that it will seek such forms and means that will allow it

to carry out a precise strike on the place(s) vulnerable to destructive attack us-

ing, for example, kinetic or electromagnetic energy, ICT and communication

techniques. The aggressive foreign policy of dominant states, supported by in-

formation warfare, contributes to the fact that such a scenario is currently being



-

count a wide spectrum of asymmetric features. It should be noted that the dif-

ferences that exist in their development directly translate into limited access

to modern means of destruction or lack thereof, resulting in the search for such

-

nical and military backwardness. It is worth bearing in mind that it is possible

to use many means available in the retail market (e.g. transportation: road, rail,

air and water), which, with imagination, can also be used for destructive actions.

Based on the available literature, it is possible to identify features of current



-

nomic-defence and military potentials of individual countries and even regions.

-

mament treaty (treaty on the complete elimination of intermediate-range mis-

siles



), accusing Russia of failing to comply with it. It is worth bearing in mind







polskiegoZagrożenia asymetryczne współczesne-

go świata

 



United States and the Soviet Union on the complete elimination of the two contracting

parties’ arsenals of intermediate-range ballistic missiles (IRBMs) and medium-range bal-

listic missiles (MRBMs) and the prohibition of their production, storage and use. Signed

        



100

Intermingling Military and Non-military Conicts…

another arms race. In addition, the lack of international control over the produc-

tion and proliferation of such weapons will allow state actors (who do not have

production capabilities), as well as non-state actors, to gain possession of them,

which will increase the threat of carrying out a strike of an asymmetric nature

(including pre-emptive strikes).

Accordingly, it is possible to identify features of current and future armed



• First, the threat of war (including of an asymmetric nature) will remain real,



       





-



-







the problems of deterrence, information warfare, special warfare, etc. will be

transferred to a higher, political level. The integration of civilian and military

-

mary area of activities of the armed forces and will be, as a rule, combined

in dimensions: national-international, civil-military, combatant-noncombatant,







other spheres.

• -





-









less often a planned policy measure, and more often the result of escalation



101

Andrzej Żebrowski

-

          -



new forms and dimensions of deterrence will emerge (within the framework of



-

ferent problems and dilemmas of leadership, execution, morality, etc.



The development of science, technology and, above all, modern production

technologies is gradually leading to an increase in the combat capability of the

military, both in the sphere of early detection and precise reconnaissance, and

-

ment and armaments with high destructive (physical) power against the enemy.

Such a level of science and technology is available only to a few countries with

       -

tion of innovative solutions, open to any changes occurring in the internal and

external environment of the state, adapting to emerging challenges, i.e. oppor-

tunities and threats, including those of a military nature. In addition, the ability

to penetrate the personal and technical information space on a global scale makes



taking place.

The evolving global security space, where international rivalries taking the



environment using the achievements of science and technology in this multi-

          

also a new approach to ongoing combat operations, where new trends and direc-

tions in the development of means of armed combat and concepts as to their use



following actions will dominate: irregular, unconventional, dispersed, point, sab-

otage and diversion, retaliation, guerrilla, combined, terrorist, information, cyber

attacks, computer crime, etc. “Activities of this nature are fostered by, among

other things:

1. 

 

cited in: B. Balcerowicz, Siły zbrojne w stanie pokoju, kryzysu, wojny-



102

Intermingling Military and Non-military Conicts…

2. modern optoelectronics,

 a new generation of artillery and munitions (circulating munitions), and

a new generation anti-tank missiles and anti-aircraft missiles, both guided

and self-guided, with increased destructive power,

4. a new generation of self-guided missiles, ammunition and mines capable of

individually selecting targets, see and forget, penetrating missiles, fuel-air

missiles and mines, cluster missiles, etc.,

        

(combat, transport and multi-purpose) capable of rapid manoeuvrer and re-

        



aircraft with very good tactical and technical parameters, reconnaissance

-

craft artillery and maintaining air superiority (e.g. application of stealth tech-



strike, for remote erratic mines, logistical security),

6. -



and in various means of combat,

7. 

-



8. modern technologies (new types of plastics for the construction of light-

weight and mechanically strong structures and armour, resistant to environ-



suppressing electromagnetic pulses, scattering heat radiation, absorbing la-



sprayed over enemy troops, immobilize equipment and paralyse soldiers),

9.      

-

-



manufacturing integrated and autonomous systems.”



-

ons, for example, are of interest to many countries, especially those whose

S. Dworecki, Od koniktu…, 



Andrzej Żebrowski

        

          

Speaking of this type of weapon, the most common reference is to gliding

missiles, the so-called gliders, which move at speeds many times faster than

existing missiles and are virtually undetectable by radar.



This could mean

that the nuclear potentials of a handful of countries will be useless, as they



into possession of hypersonic weapons will violate (or even overthrow) the

existing rules of warfare.

Also, electromagnetic jamming (electromagnetic bombs) of reconnaissance,

-

ularly vulnerable to electronic and kinetic attack in the period preceding the

-

ers or silos. All potential combatants conduct peacetime reconnaissance of the

regions of deployment of such weapons, on which a pre-emptive strikes will





where information supports ideology, politics and propaganda, disinformation

and lies, and cover-ups dominate global communication. Ongoing political

and social discourse, with diverse backgrounds, reaches every individual, so-

cial group and nation, and who are bombarded with information with the goal

of disrupting their perception of perception.

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O dyktaturze kapitału globalnego

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

Między strategią a taktyką

Globalna przestrzeń zagrożeń. Wybrane aspekty



  Przywileje i immunitety dyplomatyczne i konsularne podczas konik-

tu zbrojnego

Walka informacyjna w asymetrycznym środowisku bezpieczeństwa między-

narodowego

Broń hipersoniczna – najszybszy wyścig zbrojeń w historii   







Andrzej Żebrowski

Konikty zbrojne we współczesnym świecie

Policja znowu kupuje izraelską technologię szpiegowską Cellebrite, tvn24.pl,

 -



Summary



for their participants. In mind should be those states whose potential allows them to par-

ticipate in the economic and military race in search of qualitatively new means of phys-



adopted for the needs of modern states and their armed forces. The transformations that

are taking place in the global security space have an impact on the forms, methods and

also the means of cooperation used. The saturation of modern means of state manage-

ment, command, communications, reconnaissance and arms control by ICT and com-





interact with soldiers, the enemy’s civilian population and one’s own. They are part of



and non-military spheres.

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